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CAP Theorem - Debunking Myths

The CAP theorem is a widely recognized idea in the field of distributed systems. It represents three key concepts: Consistency, Availability, and Partition Tolerance. While most of us are familiar with its definition, the devil lies in the details. In this discussion, we'll clarify common myths and misunderstandings. We'll start by explaining the CAP theorem in detail, and then explore various scenarios that may challenge the common interpretation of it. CAP theorem also known as Brewer's theorem states that any distributed data store can provide only two of the following three guarantees: Consistency: For every read request, the system should provide the most recent write or an error. Note that this consistency is different from the consistency of the ACID theorem Availability: For every request, the system should provide a response, even if it’s not the latest data. In other words, all non-failing (healthy) nodes in the distributed system return a valid ...

Understanding Merkle Tree

A Merkle Tree is a cryptographic tree structure used in computer science and distributed systems to efficiently verify the integrity of large sets of data (accuracy and consistency of data over its lifecycle). Merkle Tree, also known as Hash Tree is a tree of hash values. It has a tree structure in which each leaf node is a hash of a small portion of the data, and each non-leaf node is a hash of its children. It is used in applications such as NoSQL databases, Git, Cryptocurrencies, File Systems, etc. Some key characteristics of Merkle Tree are: Binary Tree Structure: The Merkle Tree is a binary tree, where each leaf node represents a hash of data. Leaf Nodes: The data set is divided into fixed-size blocks or "leaves". Each leaf node contains the hash of a specific data block or piece of information. Non-Leaf Nodes: Non-leaf nodes in the tree represent the hash of the concatenation of their child node's hashes. If the number of leaves is odd...

HTTP Series - Part-1: (TCP, HTTP and HTTP/1.1)

Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) enables the transfer of data over the Internet. HTTP is an application-layer protocol that facilitates the transmission of hypermedia documents, such as HTML. It was designed for communication between web browsers and servers but can also be used for other purposes. I have discussed in detail about different modes of communication between a client and a server. They all use HTTP under the hood. HTTP is a “stateless” protocol, which means each request is executed independently, without any knowledge of the requests that were executed before it. It uses the underlying transport protocol TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) to establish and manage connections between a client and a server. Transmission Control Protocol (TCP): TCP is a connection-oriented transport layer protocol. It provides a fully duplex and reliable exchange of messages between different devices over a network. Some of the main features of TCP are: Reliability: TCP ens...

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