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CAP Theorem - Debunking Myths

The CAP theorem is a widely recognized idea in the field of distributed systems. It represents three key concepts: Consistency, Availability, and Partition Tolerance. While most of us are familiar with its definition, the devil lies in the details. In this discussion, we'll clarify common myths and misunderstandings. We'll start by explaining the CAP theorem in detail, and then explore various scenarios that may challenge the common interpretation of it. CAP theorem also known as Brewer's theorem states that any distributed data store can provide only two of the following three guarantees: Consistency: For every read request, the system should provide the most recent write or an error. Note that this consistency is different from the consistency of the ACID theorem Availability: For every request, the system should provide a response, even if it’s not the latest data. In other words, all non-failing (healthy) nodes in the distributed system return a valid ...

Understanding Merkle Tree

A Merkle Tree is a cryptographic tree structure used in computer science and distributed systems to efficiently verify the integrity of large sets of data (accuracy and consistency of data over its lifecycle). Merkle Tree, also known as Hash Tree is a tree of hash values. It has a tree structure in which each leaf node is a hash of a small portion of the data, and each non-leaf node is a hash of its children. It is used in applications such as NoSQL databases, Git, Cryptocurrencies, File Systems, etc. Some key characteristics of Merkle Tree are: Binary Tree Structure: The Merkle Tree is a binary tree, where each leaf node represents a hash of data. Leaf Nodes: The data set is divided into fixed-size blocks or "leaves". Each leaf node contains the hash of a specific data block or piece of information. Non-Leaf Nodes: Non-leaf nodes in the tree represent the hash of the concatenation of their child node's hashes. If the number of leaves is odd...

Client-Server Communication Model (Part-1)

The foundation of the internet lies in the communication between computers. Computers, acting as servers, own and can provide resources to other computers, serving as clients. The roles of computers shift over time – one moment, a computer may own resources, while at another time, it may require resources from others. Communication is essential for data exchange between them. The predominant protocol facilitating Client-Server communication is the HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP). HTTP is a protocol for fetching web pages, documents, images, media files, binaries, etc. Pretty much the whole of the internet runs on HTTP. We have discussed HTTP in detail here . A typical HTTP request flow is as follows: A client opens a connection and requests a resource from a server. The server calculates the response The server sends the response to the client on the same opened connection Some of the most popular Client Server Communication models are: Polling / Short Polling / AJAX Polling Long Po...

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